About artificil intelligence

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Where can the carbon go?

There are many prospects for hiding away carbon- ranging from the practical to the weird and wacky.

At the wackier end of possibilities is and idea-put forward by a scientist at the University of California- to vent CO2 to outer space, using the Earth´s magnetic fields as a conduit. The controversial idea of geo-engineering - planetary-scale engineering- is also a possibility. Concepts include installing giant sunshades in space, spreading tiny particles in the upper atmosphere to block out some of the suns´s rays or blasting seawater droplest into the air to stimulate the formation of refelctive cloud.

The more practrical end of the range of solution involves storing CO2 in existing oil and gas fields: their ability to hold gas indefinitely is already demostrated, the geology or producing fields is well defined and companies have experience of re-injecting gas through enhanced oil recovery operations. And pumping CO2 into an oil reservoir pushes out more oil, so CO2 storage can have the side benefit of producing a valuable commodity.

Alternatively, CO2 can be stored in geological traps that do not contain hydrocarbons, but have similar characteristics to oil or gas bearing structures, or coal seems. The thirdpossibility is aquifers-deep saline reservoirs with no defined structural traps. Although they are less well understood than oil reservoirs, they are much bigger, wich means they will be and important part of the future of CCS.

But CO2 doesn´t have to be stored underground. Alternatives under consideratons include deep-ocean storage, in wich CO2 is dissolved into seawater. Mineral sequestration above ground is another possibility, with CO2 exothermically reacted with natural minerals to form stable carbonates. Another possibility would be to capture CO2 directly from the atmosphere with chemical solvents.

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How the energy industry works

Whit oil prices rising faster and higher than ever before, the events of 2008 have reminded the world howdependent its prosperity is on the energy sector and on the companies that supply oil, gas and power.
Through the continuing advance of technology, it is energy companies that will provide solutions to the conumdrum facing govermments around the world: how to supply steady streams of affordable energy at a low environmental cost.
Incorporating several completely new sections, the 2008 edition of How the energy industry works: an insider´guide is a full update of the 2007 edition- taking account of the momentous events of the second half of 2007 and the first half of 2008.
The publication is aimend primarily at university -level students, whose contribution will be crucial to the energy industry´s continuing ability to supply the world. But it could be read by anyone who wants to find outmore about how energy works : how oil and gas are discovered, produced, refined and marketed; how power is generated; how all this can be done in a secure and sustainable way; and how technology has enabled, and will continue to enable these various processes to happen.
There can be few careers that are more fundamentalñ to world development and that will rely to such and extent on technology, and scientific ingenuity and creativity.